1. Market Capitalization:
   • The simplest method, calculated by multiplying the company’s stock price by the total number of outstanding shares.
   • Reflects the market’s perception of the company’s value.
2. Times Revenue Method:
   • Projects future revenues over a specific period and applies a multiplier based on industry and economic conditions
   • Useful for startups and high-growth companies.
3. Earnings Multiplier:
   • Also known as the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio.
   • Compares the stock price to the company’s earnings per share (EPS).
   • High P/E ratios suggest growth potential, while low ratios indicate undervaluation.
4. Liquidation Value:
   • Determines the value if the company were to be liquidated (i.e., assets sold and liabilities paid off).
   • Relevant during bankruptcy or distress situations
5. Replacement Cost Valuation:
   • Assesses the cost of replacing the company’s assets with equivalent new assets.
   • Useful for asset-heavy industries like manufacturing and construction
6. Real Options Valuation:
   • Applies option pricing theory to evaluate strategic investment decisions.
   • Considers flexibility and uncertainty in business choices

Remember, each method has its strengths and limitations. The choice depends on the context, industry, and specific circumstances.